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 RESEARCH
MAIN
Association
of Oil Pipe Lines,
Oil Pipeline Spill Response Planning and Implementation
(2000) - http://www.aopl.org/pubs/2000/Anatomy1.pdf
This
20-page paper describes how oil pipeline companies respond
to spills to minimize their risks and impacts. It covers
response plans required by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990;
notification, protection, control, and assessment; recovery
and repair; and rehabilitation and remediation. It includes
two detailed "real world illustrations," the
Lake Barre LA pipeline spill of 1997 and the Plantation
Pipeline spill in Knoxville TN in 1993.
Alaska
Forum for Environmental Responsibility,
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Oil Spill Contingency
Plan: A Critical Review (Excerpts) (1997) - 00101
These
are excerpts from a 13-volume study of the Trans-Alaska
Pipeline System emergency response and crisis management
program. It found a lack of sufficient detail, an inadequate
exercise program, and failure to deal with harsh winter
conditions that exist most of the year. It also found that
the plan seemed more concerned about complying with minimum
government standards than a plan "that actually achieves
the purposes for which those requirements were established:
the minimization of spill damage through rapid and effective
response."
ENTRIX,
Inc.,
Earthquakes, Oil and Water Don't Mix and Northridge,
California, Earthquake Crude Oil Spill: Effects on the Bird
Community (1997) - 00125h
These
two brief technical papers describe the impact of and response
to the 176,400 gallon spill of crude oil (193,494 gallons
by another estimate) from an ARCO pipeline into the Santa
Clara River after the Northridge CA earthquake of 1994.
It reminds us that oil and natural gas pipelines are uniquely
vulnerable to earthquakes, landslides, erosion and flooding.
Journal
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education,
The Midwest Oil Pipeline Leak: A Decision Case Study
(1998) - http://www.jnrlse.org/pdf/1998/e98-01.pdf
This
technical paper examines the remediation effort after a
crude oil pipeline spill of 95,300 gallons left about one-third
remaining in the soil near Sheridan IN. It shows the relative
costs of different methods and the reasons why Midwest Oil
chose to excavate the site and clean the soil offsite (and
later concluded that it would have been better to immediately
buy the land and more slowly remediate the soil).
Louisiana
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries,
The Rockefeller Refuge Oil Spill: A Team Approach to Incident
Response (1997) - 00125k
This
discusses the response to a 1,680 gallon spill of condensate
oil from a Mobil Oil pipeline into a wildlife refuge considered
one of the most important wildlife areas in the U.S. It
describes the difficulties and slow progress in recovering
the oil in a remote marsh, finally deciding to use on-site
burning of about 20 acres (which involved a lengthy approval
process by refuge managers).
Louisiana
State University,
Economic and Social Consequences of the Oil Spill in Lake
Barre, Louisiana (1999) http://www.osradp.lsu.edu/1998_Deliverables/Pulsipher98/Pulsipher98.htm
This
32-page report by LSU's Center for Energy Studies describes
the impacts of a 1997 Texaco underwater pipeline spill of
210,000 gallons that created a slick seven miles by two
miles and drifted into coastal marshes. It cost Texaco $9.8
million to clean up, damaged coastal habitats, including
the loss of oyster and shrimp harvests, but had limited
long-term economic and social impacts. One finding, that
20 percent of the local business and civic leaders contacted
had never heard of the spill, helps explain the general
lack of news coverage and lack of public awareness of even
large pipeline spills.
Marathon
Pipe Line Company,
Field Experience with Controlled Burning of Inland Oil
Spills (1997) - 00125d
This
brief technical paper describes Marathon's experience with
on-site burning of crude oil left from small pipeline spills
on Illinois farmland, following use of vacuum trucks and
absorbents. Most noteworthy in this paper is that Marathon
had six spills of 42 to 420 gallons of crude oil in the
state from 1993 to 1995.
Sabine
River Authority of Texas,
Summary Report of MTBE Contamination in Lake Tawakoni from
Gasoline Pipeline Rupture (2000) - http://www.sra.dst.tx.us/srwmp/special_reports/default.asp
This
lengthy report summarizes the effects of a 600,000-gallon
spill from an Explorer Pipeline gasoline pipeline, much
of which flowed into Lake Tawakoni, a major drinking water
reservoir for Dallas. Because of MTBE in the water, Dallas
suspended using any water from there for over five months.
Texas
A&M University,
Ecological Impacts of a Wetland Oil Spill and Bioremediation
Experiments (1997) - 00125c
This
brief technical paper discusses the impact of the massive
spills and fires of up to four million gallons of crude
oil and refined products from eight oil pipelines during
the 1994 San Jacinto floods near Houston TX. It describes
bioremediation methods used to restore the damaged areas.
U.S.
Geological Survey
Bemidji
Crude Oil Research Project (2003) - http://mn.water.usgs.gov/bemidji/
and Groundwater Contamination by Crude Oil Near Bemidji,
MN (1998) - http://mn.water.usgs.gov/bemidji/results/fact-sheet.pdf
This
web page and links are about a research project that began
in 1983 and continues today by USGS scientists studying
the long-term effects of a 1979 Williams Pipeline rupture
that spilled 449,400 gallons of crude oil in a rural area.
After cleanup, about 105,000 gallons remained in the subsurface
and percolated into the groundwater, continuing even today
as a source of contamination. The scientists ever since
have studied the migration and fate of unrecovered crude
oil to help develop effective remediation approaches.
Extensive maps and photography add greatly to this fascinating
in-depth look at a typical large pipeline spill.
Processes
Affecting the Natural Attenuation of Gasoline in Ground
Water: Galloway Township, NJ (2003) - http://toxics.usgs.gov/sites/gall_page.html
and
Processes
Affecting the Natural Attenuation of Fuel Oxygenates in
Ground Water: Laurel Bay, SC (2003) - http://toxics.usgs.gov/sites/laurel_bay/laurel_page.html
Although the source of gasoline contamination in these
studies was leaking underground storage tanks, the effects
are similar to leaks from gasoline pipelines. Reading
the web sites of these two USGS research projects can
help understand effective remediation methods for slow
pipeline leaks, which are common.
U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Chalk
Point/Swanson Creek Oil Spill (2002) - http://www.darp.noaa.gov/neregion/chalkpt.htm
This
web page provides a summary and links to information about
restoration of the marshes along Swanson Creek and the
Patuxent River, after the April 7, 2000 spill of about
140,000 gallons of fuel oil from the rupture of a pipeline
supplying the Potomac Electric Power Co. generating plant
at Chalk Point MD.
Chevron
Pipeline Oil Spill: Restoration Activities (2002) -
http://www.darcnw.noaa.gov/chevron.html
This
provides a summary and links to information about restoration
efforts after the May 14, 1996, spill of over 41,000 gallons
of fuel oil from a corroded Chevron Pipeline, fouling
the USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center and Pearl Harbor
National Wildlife Refuge. It includes the consent decree
with Chevron, final restoration plan, photographs and
related documents. Chevron paid the U.S. government $2.25
million in costs and damages, in addition to its own expenses
for cleanup operations.
University
of California-Davis,
Earthquakes and Oil Spills: Lessons from the Santa Clara
River Spill (1997) - 00125i
This
brief technical describes part of the effort to evaluate
impacts and help wildlife survive the effects of a pipeline
spill caused by the Northridge CA earthquake of 1994.
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